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The Epic Interactive Encyclopedia 1998
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Epic Interactive Encyclopedia, The - 1998 Edition (1998)(Epic Marketing).iso
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Mahmud_II
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1992-09-03
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Ottoman sultan from 1808 who attempted to
westernize the declining empire, carrying out
a series of far-reaching reforms in the civil
service and army. In 1826 he destroyed the
Janissaries. Wars against Russia 1807-12 led
to losses of territory. The pressure for
Greek independence after 1821 led to conflict
with Britain, France, and Russia, leading to
the destruction of the Ottoman fleet at the
Battle of Navarino in 1829 and defeat in the
Russo-Turkish war 1828-29, and he was forced
to recognize Greek independence in 1830.
There was further disorder with the revolt in
Egypt of Mehemet Ali 1831-32, which in turn
led to temporary Ottoman-Russian peace.
Attempts to control the rebellious provinces
failed in 1839, resulting in effect in the
granting of Egyptian autonomy.